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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.316
---
_john
John Grieggs grieggs@jpl-devvax.jpl.nasa.gov JohnG@portal.com
---
Last update: 21Dec92
What's new?
Enhanced Levine book listing (iecc!johnl@ursa-major.spdcc.com).
Pixar's address, and Pixar video ordering info (jfr@tellabs.com).
grieggs@jpl-devvax.jpl.nasa.gov
Contents:
1) General references for graphics questions.
2) Drawing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional screen.
3) Quantizing 24 bit images down to 8 bits.
4) Converting color into grayscale.
5) Quantizing grayscale to black&white.
6) Rotating a raster image by an arbitrary angle.
7) Free image manipulation software.
8) Format documents for TIFF, IFF, BIFF, NFF, OFF, FITS, etc.
9) Converting between vector formats.
10) How to get Pixar films.
11) How do I draw a circle as a Bezier (or B-spline) curve?
12) How to order standards documents.
13) How to FTP by email.
14) How to tell whether a point is within a planar polygon.
15) How to tessellate a sphere.
16) Specific references on ray-tracing and global illumination.
17) SIGGRAPH information online
18) SIGGRAPH Panels Proceedings available
19) Graphics mailing lists
20) Specific references on file formats
21) What about GIF?
22) What is morphing?
23) How to ray-trace height fields
24) How to find the area of a 3D polygon
25) How to join ACM/SIGGRAPH
26) Where can I find MRI and CR scan volume data?
27) Specific references on spatial data structures
1) General references for graphics questions:
Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice (2nd Ed.), J.D. Foley,
A. van Dam, S.K. Feiner, J.F. Hughes, Addison-Wesley 1990, ISBN
0-201-12110-7
Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics, David F. Rogers, McGraw
Hill 1985, ISBN 0-07-053534-5
Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics 2nd Ed., David F. Rogers
and J. Alan Adams, McGraw Hill 1990, ISBN 0-07-053530-2
Three Dimensional Computer Graphics, Alan Watt, Addison-Wesley 1990, ISBN
0-201-15442-0
An Introduction to Ray Tracing, Andrew Glassner (ed.), Academic Press
1989, ISBN 0-12-286160-4
Graphics Gems, Andrew Glassner (ed.), Academic Press 1990, ISBN
0-12-286165-5
Graphics Gems II, James Arvo (ed.), Academic Press 1991, ISBN
0-12-64480-0
Graphics Gems III, David Kirk (ed.), Academic Press 1992, ISBN
0-12-409670-0 (with IBM disk) or 0-12-409671-9 (with Mac disk)
Digital Image Warping, George Wolberg, IEEE Computer Society Press
Monograph 1990, ISBN 0-8186-8944-7
Digital Image Processing (2nd Ed.), Rafael C. Gonzalez, Paul Wintz,
Addison-Wesley 1987, ISBN 0-201-11026-1
A Programmer's Geometry, Adrian Bowyer, John Woodwark, Butterworths 1983,
ISBN 0-408-01242-0 Pbk
An automatic mail handler at Brown University allows users of "Computer
Graphics: Principles and Practice," by Foley, van Dam, Feiner, and
Hughes, to obtain text errata and information on distribution of the
software packages described in the book. Also, users can send the
authors feedback, to report text errors and software bugs, make
suggestions, and submit exercises. To receive information describing
how you can use the mail handler, simply mail graphtext@cs.brown.edu
and put the word "Help" in the Subject line. Use the Subject line
"Software-Distribution" to receive information specifically concerning
the software packages SRGP and SPHIGS.
Errata for "An Introduction to Ray Tracing" is available on
wuarchive.wustl.edu in graphics/graphics/books/IntroToRT.errata.
Errata for "Digital Image Warping" is in the same directory as
"Digital-Image-Warping.errata".
All C code from the "Graphics Gems" series is available via anonymous ftp
from princeton.edu. Look in the directory pub/Graphics/GraphicsGems for
the various volumes (Gems, GemsII, GemsIII), and get the README file first.
Errata to _Graphics Gems_ and _Graphics Gems II is available on
wuarchive.wustl.edu in graphics/graphics/books.
A list of computer graphics, computational geometry and image processing
journals is available from Juhana Kouhia, jk87377@cs.tut.fi.
2) Drawing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional screen.
The simple answer is, you divide by the depth. For a more verbose
explanation, see any of the above references, starting with:
The Foley & Van Dam & Feiner & Hughes "Computer Graphics" book is certainly
a good start. Chapter 6 is "Viewing in 3D", then read chapter 15,
"Visible-Surface Determination". For more information go to chapter 16 for
shading, chapter 19 for clipping, and branch out from there.
3) Quantizing 24 bit images down to 8 bits.
Find a copy of "Color Image Quantization for Frame Buffer Display" by
Paul Heckbert, SIGGRAPH '82 Proceedings, page 297. There are other
algorithms, but this one works well and is fairly simple. Implementations
are included in most raster toolkits (see item 7 below).
A variant method is described in "Graphics Gems", p. 287-293. Note that
the code from the "Graphics Gems" series is all available from an FTP site,
as described above.
Check out John Bradley's "Diversity Algorithm", which is incorporated into
the xv package and described in the back of the manual.
The ImageMagick package (see section 7 for where it is) contains another
quantizing algorithm which is presented as "doing a better job than the
other algorithms, but slower".
There's also an implementation of:
Wan, Wong, and Prusinkiewicz, _An Algorithm for Multidimensional Data
Clustering_, Transactions on Mathematical Software, Vol. 14 #2 (June, 1988),
pp. 153-162.
avialable as princeton.edu:pub/Graphics/colorquant.shar. This code,
in modified form, appears in the Utah Raster Toolkit as well.
4) Converting color into grayscale.
The NTSC formula is:
luminosity = .299 red + .587 green + .114 blue
5) Quantizing grayscale to black&white.
The only reference you need for this stuff is:
Digital Halftoning, Robert Ulichney, MIT Press 1987, ISBN 0-262-21009-6
But before you go off and start coding, check out the image manipulation
software mentioned in item 7 below. All of the packages mentioned can do
some form of gray to b&w conversion.
6) Rotating a raster image by an arbitrary angle.
The obvious but wrong method is to loop over the pixels in the source
image, transform each coordinate, and copy the pixel to the destination.
This is wrong because it leaves holes in the destination. Instead,
loop over the pixels in the destination image, apply the *reverse*
transformation to the coordinates, and copy that pixel from the source.
This method is quite general, and can be used for any one-to-one
2-D mapping, not just rotation. You can add anti-aliasing by doing
sub-pixel sampling.
However, there is a much faster method, with antialising included,
which involves doing three shear operations. The method was originally
created for the IM Raster Toolkit (see below); an implementation is
also present in PBMPLUS. Reference: "A Fast Algorithm for Raster
Rotation", by Alan Paeth (awpaeth@watcgl.waterloo.edu) Graphics
Interface '86 (Vancouver). An article on the IM toolkit appears in
the same journal. An updated version of the rotation paper appears
in "Graphics Gems" (see section [1]) under the original title.
7) Free image manipulation software.
There are a number of toolkits for converting from one image format to
another, doing simple image manipulations such as size scaling, plus
the above-mentioned 24 -> 8, color -> gray, gray -> b&w conversions.
Here are pointers to some of them:
xv by John Bradley. X-based image display, manipulation, and format
conversion package. XV displays many image formats and permits editing
of GIF files, among others. The program was updated 5/92; see the file
contrib/xv-2.21.tar.Z on export.lcs.mit.edu.
PBMPLUS, by Jef Poskanzer. Comprehensive format conversion and image
manipulation package. The latest version is always available via
anonymous FTP as ftp.ee.lbl.gov:pbmplus*.tar.Z,
wuarchive.wustl.edu:graphics/graphics/packages/pbmplus/pbmplus*.tar.Z,
and export.lcs.mit.edu:contrib/pbmplus*.tar.Z.
IM Raster Toolkit, by Alan Paeth (awpaeth@watcgl.uwaterloo.ca).
Provides a portable and efficient format and related toolkit. The
format is versatile in supporting pixels of arbitrary channels,
components, and bit precisions while allowing compression and machine
byte-order independence. The kit contains more than 50 tools with
extensive support of image manipulation, digital halftoning and format
conversion. Previously distributed on tape c/o the University of
Waterloo, an FTP version will appear someday.
Utah RLE Toolkit. Conversion and manipulation package, similar to
PBMPLUS. Available via FTP as cs.utah.edu:pub/urt-*,
princeton.edu:pub/Graphics/urt-*, and freebie.engin.umich.edu:pub/urt-*.
Fuzzy Pixmap Manipulation, by Michael Mauldin <mlm@nl.cs.cmu.edu>.
Conversion and manipulation package, similar to PBMPLUS. Version 1.0
available via FTP as nl.cs.cmu.edu:/usr/mlm/ftp/fbm.tar.Z,
ftp.uu.net:pub/fbm.tar.Z, and ucsd.edu:graphics/fbm.tar.Z.
Img Software Set, by Paul Raveling <raveling@venera.isi.edu>. Reads and
writes its own image format, displays on an X11 screen, and does some
image manipulations. Version 1.3 is available via FTP as
export.lcs.mit.edu:contrib/img_1.3.tar.Z, and
venera.isi.edu:pub/img_1.3.tar.Z along with a large collection of color
images.
Xim, X Image Manipulator, by Philip R. Thompson. It does essential
interactive image manipulations and uses x11r4 and the OSF/Motif toolkit
for the interface. It supports images in 1, 8, 24 and 32 bit formats.
Reads/writes and converts to/from GIF, xwd, xbm, tiff, rle, xim, and
other formats. Writes level 2 postscript. Other utilities and image
application library are included. Not a paint package. Available via
ftp from gis.mit.edu.
xloadimage, by Jim Frost <madd@std.com>. Reads in images in various
formats and displays them on an X11 screen. Available via FTP as
export.lcs.mit.edu:contrib/xloadimage*, and in your nearest comp.sources.x
archive.
xli, by Grame Gill, is an updated xloadimage with numerous improvements
in both speed and in the number of formats supported. Available in the
same places as xloadimage (contrib tape, comp.sources.x archives).
TIFF Software, by Sam Leffler <sam@okeeffe.berkeley.edu>. Nice
portable library for reading and writing TIFF files, plus a few tools
for manipulating them and reading other formats. Available via FTP as
ucbvax.berkeley.edu:pub/tiff/*.tar.Z or ftp.uu.net:graphics/tiff.tar.Z
xtiff, an X11 tool for viewing a TIFF file. It was written to handle
as many different kinds of TIFF files as possible while remaining
simple, portable and efficient. xtiff illustrates some common problems
with building pixmaps and using different visual classes. It is
distributed as part of Sam Leffler's libtiff package and it is also
available on export.lcs.mit.edu, ftp.uu.net and comp.sources.x.
xtiff 2.0 was announced in 4/91; it includes Xlib and Xt versions.
ALV, a Sun-specific image toolkit. Version 2.0.6 posted to
comp.sources.sun on 11dec89. Also available via email to
alv-users-request@cs.bris.ac.uk.
popi, an image manipulation language. Version 2.1 posted to
comp.sources.misc on 12dec89.
ImageMagick, an X11 package for display and interactive manipulation
of images. Includes tools for image conversion, annotation, compositing,
animation, and creating montages. ImageMagick can read and write many of
the more popular image formats. Available via FTP as
export.lcs.mit.edu:contrib/ImageMagick.tar.Z.
Khoros, a huge (~100 meg) graphical development environment based on
X11R4. Khoros components include a visual programming language, code
generators for extending the visual language and adding new application
packages to the system, an interactive user interface editor, an
interactive image display package, an extensive library of image and
signal processing routines, and 2D/3D plotting packages. Available via
FTP as pprg.eece.unm.edu:pub/khoros/*.
LaboImage, a SunView-based image processing and analysis package. It
includes more than 200 image manipulation, processing and measurement
routines, on-line help, plus tools such as an image editor, a color
table editor and several biomedical utilities. Available via anonymous
FTP as ads.com:pub/VISION-LIST-ARCHIVE/SHAREWARE/LaboImage_3.1.tar.Z
The San Diego Supercomputer Center Image Tools, software tools for
reading, writing, and manipulating raster images. Binaries for some
machines available via anonymous FTP in sdsc.edu:sdscpub.
The Independent JPEG Group has written a package for reading and
writing JPEG files. FTP to ftp.uu.net:graphics/jpeg/jpegsrc.v?.tar.Z
Don't forget to set binary mode when you FTP tar files. For you MILNET
folks who still don't have name servers, the IP addresses are:
ads.com 128.229.30.16
cs.utah.edu 128.110.4.21
coral.cs.jcu.edu.au 137.219.17.4
export.lcs.mit.edu 18.24.0.12
freebie.engin.umich.edu 141.212.103.21
ftp.ee.lbl.gov 128.3.112.20
ftp.uu.net 137.39.1.9 or 192.48.96.9
gis.mit.edu 18.80.1.118
gondwana.ecr.mu.oz.au 128.250.70.62
karazm.math.uh.edu 129.7.7.6
marsh.cs.curtin.edu.au 134.7.1.1
nic.funet.fir 128.214.6.100
ftp.cosy.sbg.ac.at 141.201.2.15
ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu 141.142.20.50
nl.cs.cmu.edu 128.2.222.56
pprg.eece.unm.edu 129.24.24.10
princeton.edu 128.112.128.1
sdsc.edu 132.249.20.22
ucbvax.berkeley.edu 128.32.133.1
venera.isi.edu 128.9.0.32
weedeater.math.yale.edu 128.36.23.17
wuarchive.wustl.edu 128.252.135.4
zamenhof.cs.rice.edu 128.42.1.75
Please do *not* post or mail messages saying "I can't FTP, could someone
mail this to me?" There are a number of automated mail servers that will
send you things like this in response to a message. See item 13 below for
details on some.
Also, the newsgroup alt.graphics.pixutils is specifically for discussion
of software like this. You may find useful information there.
8) Format documents for TIFF, IFF, BIFF, NFF, OFF, FITS, etc.
You almost certainly don't need these. Read the above item 7 on free
image manipulation software. Get one or more of these packages and
look through them. Chances are excellent that the image converter you
were going to write is already there. But if you still want one of the
format documents, many such files are available by anonymous ftp from
zamenhof.cs.rice.edu in directory pub/graphics.formats. It is also
mirrored at ftp.cosy.sbg.ac.at in dir /pub/mirror/file-formats/graphic.
These files were collected off the net and are believed to be correct.
This archive includes pixel formats, and two- and three-dimensional object
formats. The future of this archive is uncertain at the moment, as Mark
Hall <foo@cs.rice.edu> will apparently no longer be maintaining it.
A second graphics file format archive is now being actively maintained
by Quincey Koziol (koziol@ncsa.uiuc.edu). The latest version exists at
ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in /misc/file.formats/graphics.formats. Apparently,
neither of these is complete, you might want to check both.
FITS stands for Flexible Image Transport System, it's an image file
format most often used in astronomy. Refer to the sci.space FAQ for
more information if needed.
9) Converting between vector formats.
A lot of people ask about converting from HPGL to PostScript, or MacDraw
to CGM, or whatever. It is important to understand that this is a very
different problem from the image format conversions in item 7. Converting
one image format to another is a fairly easy problem, since once you
get past all the file header junk, a pixel is a pixel -- the basic objects
are the same for all image formats. This is not so for vector formats.
The basic objects -- circles, ellipses, drop-shadowed pattern-filled
round-cornered rectangles, etc. -- vary from one format to another.
Except in extremely restricted cases, it is simply not possible to do
a one-to-one conversion between vector formats.
On the other hand, it is quite possible to do a close approximation,
rendering an image from one format using the primitives from another.
As far as I know, no one has put together a general toolkit of such
converters, but two different HPGL to PostScript converters have been
posted to comp.sources.misc. Check the index on your nearest archive
site.
A related frequent question is how to convert from some vector format
to a bitmapped image - from PostScript to Sun raster format, or HPGL to
X11 bitmap. For example, some of the commercial PostScript clones for
PC's allow you to render to a disk file as well as a printer. Also,
the PostScript interpreters in the NeXT box and in Sun's X11/NeWs can
be used to render to a file if you're clever. But in general, the
answer is no. However, if someone were to put together a vector to
vector conversion toolkit, adding a vector to raster converter would be
trivial.
GNU ghostscript (from the FSF - current version 2.5.2) includes
drivers for both ppm and gif format files, thus it can be used as
a PostScript to ppm or a PostScript to GIF filter. (It implements
essentially all of PostScript level 1 and alot of Display PostScript
and level 2).
10) How to get Pixar films.
The various John Lasseter / Pixar computer animated shorts are available
on video tape. You can order them from Direct Cinema Limited:
Film Individual Price Institutional Price
Luxo, Jr. $14.95 $50.00
Red's Dream $19.95 $75.00
Tin Toy $24.95 $75.00
Knickknack $24.95 $75.00
Luxo, Jr./Red's Dream/Tin Toy $39.95 $100.00
All tapes are on 1/2" VHS NTSC. Add $10/tape for PAL format. Also
available:
Tin Toy T-shirt $15.00
Knickknack 3D T-shirt $15.00 (includes glasses)
For individual orders, add $5 S&H for the first tape or shirt, $2 for
each additional tape or shirt. For institutional orders, add $5 S&H
for the first tape, $3 for each additional tape. Foreign shipping, add
$3/tape or shirt. Call 800-525-0000 (213-396-4774 international,
213-396-3233 FAX) to charge to your credit card. Call first to verify
prices and availability. Or, just write to:
Direct Cinema Limited
1749 14th Street
Santa Monica, CA 90404-4342
Allan Braunsdorf has this to say:
At SIGGRAPH they were selling a tape with all four shorts
for $25. That was a sale price. You can get it for slightly
more than that normally. ($35 maybe.) I believe it's
available from RenderMan Retail (at Pixar's address).
Pixar
1001 West Cutting Blvd.
Richmond, CA. 94804
(510) 236-4000
(510) 236-0388 (FAX)
You can obtain a video directly from Pixar which contains "Luxo, Jr.", "Red's
Dream", "Tin Toy" and "Knicknack" for $25.00, plus $2.50 for shipping. They
will take your order over the phone or via FAX with a major credit card. I
ordered mine just last week and received it several days later. Don't expect
to be able to rent a copy from your local video store. According to the license
agreement printed on the back cover of the case, it cannot be rented.
11) How do I draw a circle as a Bezier (or B-spline) curve?
The short answer is, "You can't." Unless you use a rational spline you
can only approximate a circle. The approximation may look acceptable,
but it is sensitive to scale. Magnify the scale and the error of
approximation magnifies. Deviations from circularity that were not
visible in the small can become glaring in the large. If you want to
do the job right, consult the article:
"A Menagerie of Rational B-Spline Circles"
by Leslie Piegl and Wayne Tiller
in IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, volume 9, number 9,
September, 1989, pages 48-56.
For rough, non-rational approximations, consult the book:
Computational Geometry for Design and Manufacture
by I. D. Faux and M. J. Pratt,
Ellis Horwood Publishers, Halsted Press, John Wiley 1980.
For the best known non-rational approximations, consult the article:
"Good Approximation of Circles by Curvature-continuous Bezier Curves"
by Tor Dokken, Morten Daehlen, Tom Lyche, and Knut Morken
in Computer Aided Geometric Design, volume 7, numbers 1-4 (combined),
June, 1990, pages 33-41 [Elsevier Science Publishers (North-Holland)]
12) How to order standards documents.
The American National Standards Institute sells ANSI standards, and also
ISO (international) standards. Their sales office is at 1-212-642-4900,
mailing address is 1430 Broadway, NY NY 10018. It helps if you have the
complete name and number.
Some useful numbers to know:
CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) is ISO 8632-4 (1987). GKS (Graphical
Kernel System) is ANSI X3.124-1985. PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical
Interactive Graphics System) is ANSI X3.144-1988. IGES is ASME/ANSI
Y14.26M-1987. Language bindings are often separate but related numbers;
for example, the GKS FORTRAN binding is X3.124.1-1985.
Standards-in-progress are made available at key milestones to solicit
comments from the graphical public (this includes you!). ANSI can let
you know where to order them; most are available from Global Engineering
at 1-800-854-7179.
13) How to FTP by email.
There are a number of sites that archive the Usenet sources newsgroups
and make them available via an email query system. You send a message
to an automated server saying something like "send comp.sources.unix/fbm",
and a few hours or days later you get the file in the mail.
In addition, there is at least one FTP-by-mail server. Send mail to
ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com saying "help" and it will tell you how to use
it. Note that this service has at times been turned off due to abuse.
14) How to tell whether a point is within a planar polygon.
Consider a ray originating at the point of interest and continuing to
infinity. If it crosses an odd number of polygon edges along the way,
the point is within the polygon. If the ray crosses an even number of
edges, the point is either outside the polygon, or within an interior
hole formed from intersecting polygon edges. This idea is known in
the trade as the Jordan curve theorem; see Eric Haines' article in
Glassner's ray tracing book (above) for more information, including
treatment of special cases.
Another method is to sum the absolute angles from the point to all
the vertices on the polygon. If the sum is 2 pi, the point is inside,
if the sum is 0 the point is outside. However, this method is about an
order of magnitude slower than the previous method because evaluating the
trigonometric functions is usually quite costly.
Code for both methods (plus barycentric triangle testing) can be found in
the Ray Tracing News, Vol. 5, No. 3, available from princeton.edu:
pub/Graphics/RTNews/RTNv5n3.Z.
15) How to tessellate a sphere.
One simple way is to do recursive subdivision into triangles. The
base of the recursion is an octahedron, and then each level divides
each triangle into four smaller ones. Jon Leech <leech@cs.unc.edu>
has posted a nice routine called sphere.c that generates the coordinates.
It's available for FTP on ftp.ee.lbl.gov and princeton.edu.
16) Specific references on ray-tracing and global illumination.
Rick Speer maintains a cross-indexed ray-tracing bibliography:
Highlights of this edition-
i) more than 500 citations spanning the period from 1968 through
November '91;
ii) papers from all Siggraph, Graphics Interface, Eurographics, CG
International and Ausgraph proceedings through December, '91;
iii) all citations keyworded for easy lookup;
iv) cross-indices by keyword and author;
v) glossary of the 119 keywords used.
The bib is in the form of a PostScript file. The printout is 41 pages long.
Below is a list of ftp sites and the dirs that contain the file. It's named
"speer.raytrace.bib.ps.Z" and is compressed at most sites-
Site Dir
wuarchive.wustl.edu graphics/graphics/bib/RT.BIB.Speer/
karazm.math.uh.edu pub/Graphics/
gondwana.ecr.mu.oz.au pub/papers/
nic.funet.fi pub/sci/papers/graphics
coral.cs.jcu.edu.au graphics/papers/
Eric Haines (erich@eye.com) maintains ray tracing and radiosity/global
illumination bibliographies. These are in "refer" format, and so can be
searched electronically (a simple awk script to search for keywords is
included with each). The bibliographies are available at most of the
sites listed above, and the most current versions are maintained at
princeton.edu: pub/Graphics/Papers as "RayBib.*" and "RadBib.*".
Tom Wilson (wilson@cs.ucf.edu) has collected over 300 abstracts from ray
tracing related research papers and books. The information is essentially
in plaintext, and Latex and troff formatting programs are included. This
collection is available at most of the sites above as "rtabs.*".
17) SIGGRAPH information online
[from Steve Cunningham and Ralph Orlick]
ACM-SIGGRAPH announces its online information site at siggraph.org
(128.248.245.250). This site now provides SIGGRAPH information via both
anonymous ftp and an electronic mail archive server.
The anonymous ftp service is very standard, and the ftp directory includes
both conference and publications subdirectories.
To retrieve information by electronic mail, send mail to
archive-server@siggraph.org
and in the subject or the body of the message include the message send
followed by the topic and subtopic you wish. A good place to start is with
the command
send index
which will give you an up-to-date list of available information.
18) SIGGRAPH Panels Proceedings available
[from Steve Cunningham and Bob Judd]
ACM SIGGRAPH announces the availability of the SIGGRAPH '91 Panels Proceedings
at the siggraph.org site (128.248.245.250). The proceedings are available
in three formats:
text (ASCII)
rtf (rich text format, suitable for many word processors)
word (MS Word for the Macintosh)
They may be retrieved from siggraph.org in two ways:
(1) by anonymous ftp
change to one of the directories
publications/s91/panels_proceedings/[text|rtf|word]
The text and rtf files may be downloaded in ASCII mode, while the word
files are stored in MacBinary format and must be downloaded in binary
mode.
Each directory contains a Table of Contents file (TOC) that describes the
contents of each panel file.
(2) by electronic mail
send mail to
archive-server@siggraph.org
You can retrieve either the text or rtf files. We suggest that you
first retrieve the index files by putting one of the messages
send panel91-txt index
send panel91-rtf index
in the subject or body of the message. You will get the necessary
information to retrieve the actual transcript files.
19) Graphics mailing lists
There are a variety of graphics-related mailing list out there, each
covering either a single product or a single topic. I have been an
active participant in one of these for some time now, and find the
focus and expertise which can be brought to bear on an isolated topic
to be nothing short of amazing.
Please send me the appropriate information if you have any others you
would like to see added.
Name: Imagine mailing list
Description: Discussion forum for users of the Imagine 3D Rendering and
Animation package by Impulse, Inc.
Platforms: Amiga
Subscription: imagine-request@email.sp.paramax.com
Posting: imagine@email.sp.paramax.com
Name: DCTV mailing list
Description: Discussion forum for users of the Digital Creations DCTV
box, software, and file formats
Platforms: Amiga
Subscription: DCTV-request@nova.cc.purdue.edu
Posting: DCTV@nova.cc.purdue.edu
Name: Rayshade Users mailing list
Description: Discussion forum for users of the Rayshade raytracer
Platforms: Most UNIX boxes, Amiga, Mac, IBM
Subscription: rayshade-request@cs.princeton.edu
Posting: rayshade-users@cs.princeton.edu